Unfiltered Reality: The impact of visual social media platforms on the mental well being of young adults cross culturally

Abstract

In an increasingly digitalised world, the impact of social media (SM) on young adults’ mental health (MH) represents a crucial investigation area. Thus, this dissertation’s objective is to investigate the impact visual social media platforms have on Generation Z (Gen Z) cross culturally. Through interviews with six NGOs including Irish, German, and US mental health experts (MHE) and a comprehensive literature review, the relationship between SM use and Gen Z’s mental health (MH) is explored. Research questions include to what extent SM triggers mental health concerns (MHC) among young adults, what factors specifically trigger MH, and to what degree a universal issue is experienced. Potential key differences in NGOs were uncovered through interviews. Lastly, potential approaches to prevent negative impact were assessed. It's suggested that SM has a significant influence on the young adult’s MH. Instagram and TikTok emerged as the most popular and problematic platforms due to their visual and algorithm-driven nature. However, conflicting outcomes highlight the multifaceted and individual nature of SM’s impact. Excessive usage patterns, active vs. passive usage, belonging to vulnerable groups, and certain design features including algorithms, filters, exposure to harmful content, and SM challenges revealed to be key factors. It has been suggested that individuals with existing MHC, teenagers, particularly young girls, and individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds or unstable support systems as well as individuals in uncertain life stages whether influenced by personal or external circumstances, tend to be at the highest risks. Interestingly, research revealed that excessive usage patterns are more depending on the user’s behaviour patterns than time spent on platforms. Moreover, active SM usage has been linked to more positive well-being outcomes, than passive consumption. The ever-evolving nature of SM platforms and the constant introduction of new design features challenges researchers to thoroughly evaluate the effects on MH. However, SM also offers positive aspects including community support and awareness-building, particularly for marginalised groups. To address the negative impact of SM, awareness campaigns, and increased accountability for SM companies are recommended. Collaboration between policymakers, MHEs, and technology companies is advocated to create a safer online environment. The research highlights the universal nature of SM’s impact on Gen Z’s MH, transcending cultural differences. However, nuances exist among NGO recommendations, with countries emphasising different concerns. Strict age restrictions, mandatory ID sign-ups, and media literacy education are suggested as crucial measures by all. Additionally, app notifications promoting authenticity, and limiting screen time are proposed to raise awareness and encourage responsible SM usage. In conclusion, this dissertation emphasises the need for a comprehensive approach to address the complex relationship between SM and young adults’ MH. However, more accurate data from e.g., longitudinal studies are needed. To effectively implement global efforts, more countries especially those who significantly differ in economic and legislations, need to be compared. By understanding these challenges and implementing effective strategies, a supportive digital environment for young adults, enhancing their well-being in the digital age can be created.