Faculty of Journalism and Media Communications Dissertations

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How to survive in the pool of festivals: A guide for the right use of PR to promote music festivals
(Griffith College, 2016) Kruger-Franke, Lisa
Music festivals have been around since the ancient Egyptian times and they’ve developed into an even bigger, more popular thing in the recent history. Beside all the already existing festivals around Europe, there are new ones being created all around the continent year after year as well. This arises the question, how those can survive in the pool of already existing festivals. I wanted my research to mainly focus on Ireland and Germany in comparison, but since it’s becoming more and more popular to travel for festivals and since some events are also famous beyond the border of their home country, I decided to include a few other countries as well. In order to answer the question I was conducting a content analysis with articles about ten different festivals in 20 different newspapers around Germany, Ireland, England and the US. The timeframe included 2010 to 2016 and I looked at both successful and failing events. On top of that, I conducted six interviews with journalists, both German and Irish, and two interviews with festival organisers, one Irish and one Suisse. The whole research showed, that there’s not much difference in the basis of festival promotion within Europe, it only depends on its size and at times on the size of the country. It became clear as well, that branding should be the first step when establishing a new music festival. The research also showed that the line‐up will probably always be the most important factor and that even bigger festivals can get negative comments about their choice of headliners. On top of that, it is important to be different and not copy other festivals in what they’re doing in order to get attention from journalists and the public.
Media Coverage of Sexual Crimes: A case study
(Griffith College, 2017) Escobar de Oliveira, Vithória
Newspapers have been carrying the key responsibility of disseminating information to the general public and, as a consequence, exert a great influence on public opinion. When it comes to sex crimes coverage, patriarchy and sexism still has great influence, as it is clear the given roles to both female victim and male perpetrator, usually filled with myths and stereotypes. With this idea, the purpose of this study is to identify sexist patterns and stereotypes in news media when reporting sexual crimes regarding two rape cases occurred in Brazil and Ireland. Through a content analysis of different and selected Irish, British and Brazilian publications, newspapers were noticed to present both victim and perpetrator in two different but equally sexist manners.
An Analysis of Suicide Reporting in Three in Print Daily National Newspapers – Irish Independent, Irish Examiner and the Herald, over two twelve month periods, 1999 and 2016
(Griffith College, 2017) Whelan, Anne Marie
Suicide reporting can be dilemmatic, whereby the Irish in print newspapers have to make on the spot decisions as to whether they should publish a suicide news story that is in the public’s interest, even it might cause further upset to the families involved. Thereby, suicide reporting can become a dilemmatic issue for the newspaper involved, who has to strike a balance between producing good quality suicide reports which comply with media guidelines or breaching the guidelines and produce poor quality suicide reporting, just to satisfy the public’s curiosity. Therefore, this research aims to analyse suicide reporting in three Irish in print daily national newspapers, over two twelve month periods, 1999 and 2016, so as to analyse the quality, quantity of suicide reporting and to give a retrospective look at how suicide reporting has changed, over two twelve month periods, 1999 and 2016. This dissertation focuses on analysing suicide reporting in three Irish in print daily national newspapers – Irish Independent; Irish Examiner and Herald, so as look at how suicide reporting on can stigmatise and/or sensationalise the issue of suicide in Ireland. This dissertation has met the research aim through a Triangulation research method approach, which is a mix of quantitative and qualitative content analysis research methods. This research has produced an analysis of the relevant literature pertaining to the analysis of suicide reporting, which discusses the use of media guidelines; news frames, news values and images in suicide reporting, in in three in print newspapers – Irish Independent; Irish Examiner and the Herald, over two twelve month periods, 1999 and 2016. This research reveals that whilst the coverage of suicide was high in 1999, it raised awareness of suicide in a negative way because the newspapers did not adhere to media guidelines, which could have an effect on imitative suicide behaviour in vulnerable people, who are susceptible to the way suicide is reported on in print newspapers. The main conclusions which can be drawn from this research is that the high amount of coverage given to suicide in 1999 coincided with the high suicide rate in 1998 and this made suicide newsworthy. Moreover, it can be concluded that the quality of suicide reporting in 2016, in comparison to the corresponding reporting period in 1999, has significantly improved and can be attributed to all three daily national newspaper’s compliance to media guidelines on suicide reporting which are enforced by Headline, the Media Monitoring Programme. This research argues for the continued compliance of the in print daily national newspapers to media guidelines on suicide reporting and to foster a more open and destigmatised attitude towards suicide in the Irish in print newspapers and the general public.
Caution: Children at Play. A radio documentary on the decline of children’s free play opportunities in Dublin, Ireland
(Griffith College, 2017) Cooke, Caoimhe
Research in human development indicates that play encompasses an important role in the development and learning of children. It is through play that children discover the world around them and begin to internalise their experiences. In this increasingly fast-paced world, children are busier than ever before. They are faultlessly caught up in a results-based society, that is more competitive and demanding of them than any generation that went before them. Parents, too, are struggling to strike a balance between keeping up with this frenzy and nurturing the growth of their precious children. The document lays out the research path of the radio documentary: ‘Caution: Children at Play.’ It refers to relevant literature and investigates how children play in our modern, increasingly digitised world. The dissertation also outlines the creative and technical process involved in the production of ‘Caution: Children at Play’. It presents the researcher’s findings that a lack of unstructured play opportunities in childhood has led to a generation of children who have less of a relationship with nature, and are less inclined to be creative. The documentary and supporting document seek to prove that over-supervisation and over protection is taking away child’s free choice and the very thing that makes their behaviour play. The fear exists that this will lead to a lack of essential coping skills when these children reach adulthood.
Do health-and-fitness magazines influence males’ and females’ perceptions of health and fitness differently?
(Griffith College, 2017) Nolan, Emma
The present research had to two goals: (1) to discover how healthy health-and-fitness magazines actually are, and (2) to discover if health-and-fitness is portrayed differently by health-and-fitness magazines based on gender. The study involved two separate elements: a content analysis and a survey. Study 1 involved a content analysis of four magazines over a three-month period from June 2017 to August 2017. Two male-audience targeted magazines and two female-audience targeted magazines were analysed. The magazines involved in this study were Men’s Health, Men’s Fitness, Women’s Health and Women’s Fitness. The content analysis revealed that both men’s and women’s health-and-fitness magazines exhibit appearance-related content more so than health-related content. However, it was discovered that they promote different types of appearance-based messages. Men’s health-and-fitness magazines are more focused on muscle gain and bulking, i.e., getting bigger, whereas women’s health-and-fitness magazines are more focused on slimming down and improving one’s glutes. It appears that male-focused magazines are encouraging their readers to gain muscle in every area of their body and make it bigger and stronger, whereas female-focused magazines are encouraging their readers to slim down every part of their bodies but their glutes. The content analysis also determined that both men’s and women’s health-and-fitness magazines largely fail to promote better health. The majority of the so-called health articles present in the magazines are mostly unproven ‘health myths’ with little or no research backing the claims. Similarly, only one health advertisement was present in the magazines analysed: P20 sunscreen. Study 2 involved a survey of 120 participants from an array of nine countries. The survey titled ‘Perceptions on Health and Fitness Survey’ proved that the majority of people are of the opinion that health-and-fitness magazines promote unnatural and unattainable physiques and contain airbrushed images. The results also indicated the majority of people who engage in physical activity do so for their health, wellbeing and enjoyment, not for appearance-related reasons, which contradicts the messages being put forward by both men’s and women’s health-and-fitness magazines.
The portrayal of women in online and print advertising
(Griffith College, 2017) Gordon, Hazel
Advertising and the media have a significant and influential role in society, because we want to know what is going on around us and they set the agenda for this. Advertisements tell people what to buy, what to look like, and what to desire. Images are used to grab the attention of the potential market. Advertisers often use women for this, and in doing so exploit and demean women’s rights. Consumers are exposed to these negative portrayals of women continuously due to smart phones, social media platforms, and outdoor advertisements, as well as the traditional forms of media. This study investigates a particular group of sexist image adverts, from the years 2007 to 2017, in order to identify what form of sexism is present, documenting trends that occur along the way. A second source of research is in the form of a focus group to gather opinions from a third party regarding the depiction of women, including how/ if this depiction has changed since the 1960s. The 1960s was chosen as a comparative decade as this was the time when the degree of women’s rights was argued, leading to the emergence of the second wave of Feminism. It was found that the female depiction had altered to a different form of sexism, but had not progressed significantly, and did not reflect a modern societal attitude. Throughout the research, the impact advertising has on men, and how women are used to market to a male audience is considered.
Gaeilge ar Líne: A TV Documentary about the benefits of social media for the promotion and revival of the Irish language
(Griffith College, 2017) Fitzmaurice, Éadaoin
I intend to test the perception that social media is a valuable means through which the Irish language can be re-invigorated and made relevant to the 21st century. Through the examination of various social media platforms, I intend to examine how individuals use such technological tools to revive the language and to assess the benefits of social media for promoting the more widespread use of Irish in daily life. By making the accompanying documentary bilingual, I can access a much wider audience through the use of sub-titles during the in-depth interviews of Irish speakers who use social media platforms daily with the intention of promoting the language. To date, there has been no in-depth analysis of the impact of social media on the development of the Irish language which prompted my personal interest in this project and encouraged me to examine if social media is being successful in making Irish “cool “ and trendy. This Dissertation by practice is a filmed, participatory documentary called “Gaeilge ar Líne”. It tells the story of a journey around the country to meet ambassadors of the Irish language online, who use social media to promote the language. They speak about how they have made the language accessible to a wider audience using these platforms.
Why are there so few female Music Producers?
(Griffith College, 2017) Kiely, Yvonne
Music has had a place in human culture for thousands of years, and digital technology has made music production practices more accessible than ever to artists. Even with increased accessibility and multiple platforms and programmes for artists to learn these techniques, gender is still a defining feature of the music industry. This research draws from women’s experiences in music to build a multi-layered understanding of how their careers are shaped by societal norms, gendered expectations and performances, the media and its objectification of women’s bodies and their sexuality, the narrowing of the definition of ‘woman’ in the industry, the gendering of musical structures and space in the industry, and in wider society. Women and men travel different career paths in music, exist in different spheres in the industry, and face more obstacles in the development of a professional identity throughout their career. Six interviews with six women in various roles in the industry, and a content analysis of two widely known music magazines brought this research to these conclusions. What became apparent was that there are more female music producers in the industry than meets the eye; it is more so a matter of visibility and acknowledgement than there being so few women. While facing pressures from several angles at once, this research concludes that the less visible space that women do occupy can serve to carve out a new path for women in music, one that is not structured by a male history, and one that does not objectify women and their identities.
Reputation: When a News story damages a good name.
(Griffith College, 2018) Keegan, Trevor
Have you ever stopped to think about the people involved in a news story you have read, watched or heard? Have you ever wondered how they felt, how they were treated by the journalist(s) covering the story and what happened them after the journalists moved on? In my radio documentary, and supporting thesis document, I set out to meet some people whose good name was tarnished by a news story in which they featured. I find out if journalistic ethics were adhered to or completely removed from the reality of the coverage. I also discover the real and lasting impact of having one's reputation questioned, dissected and ultimately tarnished because it was linked to a negative news story. The documentary also endeavors to explore the concept of reputation and its standing in the legal system whilst a tabloid editor reveals the pressures on paper to produce factually correct content in a very competitive market.
How Kurdish Female Fighters are Represented by the Media.
(Griffith College, 2018) Spiga, Marta Rosa
The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate how Kurdish female fighters are represented in the media. According to Dilar Dirik (2014), the Western media has given a great deal of attention to Kurdish female fighters, but, according to Emanuela C. Del Re (2015), it has “focused on the sensational aspects rather than on analysis of the facts”. The objective of this paper was to determine whether the Italian, English and Turkish press provide in-depth analysis when they describe their motivations and reasons for fighting or whether they merely treat their ideas in a shallow way. The method adopted by the author to conduct the research was quantitative content analysis. Moreover, the author sought to analyse whether the Italian media and the English media shared the same perspectives and used the same frames when describing the female fighters. Finally, the research was aimed at determining whether there was a perspective shared by all Western newspapers and whether this was different from that of the Turkish media. Ultimately, it was found that female emancipation was not treated merely a good tool to improve the PKK’s image in the international press coverage and thus in Western public opinion.
Ireland Informed: A Characterization of Science Reporting in the Irish Media
(Griffith College, 2018) Mc Cluskey, Fiona
Science and scientific advancement has the capacity to be an exciting topic for the Irish news consumer. Public understanding of science and scientific advancement is important for informed policy making, legislating and funding. The purpose of this dissertation was to develop an understanding of the current landscape of science reporting in the Irish media and to assess if an adequate level of science coverage was achieved. The design of this research was both quantitative and qualitative, building on the research paradigm of Suleski and Ibaraki (2010). I identified and analysed the reporting of science news over a one-month period in 2018, across two television news shows, namely RTÉ News: Six One and TV3: 3News at 5.30, one tabloid and one broadsheet newspaper, namely the Irish Sun and the Irish Independent newspaper and two radio news shows, namely RTÉ Radio One: Morning Ireland and Today FM: The Last Word. Using a set of defined guidelines, 82 examples of science news reporting were identified during the study period and a content analysis was performed. It was found that 0.03% of science research published in peer reviewed journals reached the Irish media audience and there was an average of 1.7% science news coverage in Irish news content. The medical sciences received the most news coverage with an emphasis on cancer science. There was a focus on local relevance in the science news reports studied and although a tenancy toward negative news stories was anticipated, this was not observed. It was established that the level of science news coverage in the Irish media did not correspond to the appetite of the Irish news consumer and can therefore be deemed inadequate.
How Many ‘Likes’ Is My Life Worth: A radio documentary exploring the Psychological effects of social media.
(Griffith College, 2018) Chapman, Gillia
The development of social media has been one of the biggest changes in society over the last 20 years. When it was first established, the premise was entangled with aiding people to communicate and form connections. Today, social media is widely utilised by account holders to present a ‘perfect’ version of themselves and project the best version of their lives to those who follow them. Mental health and well-being are an increasingly acknowledged aspect of an individual’s overall health, in society today. Over the last number of years, there has been an increase in young people suffering from mental health issues. Could there be a correlation between the development of social media and this growth in the number of young people struggling with their mental health? This documentary explores the world of social media and the way in which it is utilised, to discover whether the way we interact with it is affecting people psychologically. The listener is brought on a journey, hearing from a range of mental health professionals, a tech expert and social media users. The voices throughout give an insight into how we use social media, how it can negatively affect us and how frequent users feel it may be negatively impacting their lives. The unearthed facts and opinions explain how social media is changing our brains and affecting the development of one’s sense of self, and how the facilitation of comparisons on social media is causing general anxiety, depression and has links with eating disorders. This accompanying document outlines the research journey of the subject of this documentary by referring to relevant literature and studies conducted in this area. This document also explains the creative and technical process that led to the final edit of the documentary ‘How Many ‘Likes’ is My Life Worth’.
Raised by my Motherland: A radio documentary on Lyudmila Matthews, an orphan, a survivor and a witness of Stalin’s Great Terror
(Griffith College, 2018) Conor, Fay
This radio documentary, entitled Raised by my Motherland tells the story of Lyudmila Matthews. Lyudmila was a child in the Soviet Union when the series of repressions known as the Great Terror, or the Purges, orchestrated by Josef Stalin gained momentum. The Terror, through killings and forced starvation, resulted in the deaths of millions across the newly established Soviet Union and remains the most problematic aspect of the nations Communist history. The Terror destroyed Lyudmila’s family as her father fell victim to its ravages. Raised by My Motherland seeks to situate the story of this initial destruction of the family unit its proper historical context and then explore how Lyudmila, the one remaining survivor of that family navigated life in the Soviet Union as an orphan and experienced the unique nation as it was gradually moulded from above by its totalitarian leader, Stalin and then moulded again by his death. Lyudmila’s story is, considering her old age, a rare one and thus Raised by my Motherland places most of its emphasis on her voice as she reﬂects on her own Soviet Century. This is her account of that phenomenon which erupted in 1917, the memory and inﬂuence of which survives to this day, 100 years later.
Propaganda In Children’s Games.
(Griffith College, 2018) Zell, Lara
This dissertation identifies and analyses propaganda in games for children. A case study of games in the National Socialism context interprets examples of influential games and the development of manufacturers during the Second World War. An outlook on today’s toy market studies the ongoing influence of recent games regarding the increase of patriotism. The research questions are answered through qualitative research, including case studies and content analysis. Games are defined as propaganda if they have a political influence on the child, e.g. militarisation, nationalism or globalisation. The high effect of games on children is explained with several theories on how they play and learn. Games are an important part of their identity and help them to try out life plans and build their personalities. Play prepares them for reality. The ideas of play can be influenced by the material offered. Children are easy to influence and may adapt the views throughout their life. The disadvantage is that children cannot process as much information or understand political topics in their full complexity. The propaganda has to be specifically designed for the age group. Theories about propaganda and ideology are also applied. Tuch’s (1990) theory of white, grey and black propaganda is the key theory. Most games are identified as grey propaganda, as they have a manipulative effect without falsifying information or sources. The toy market shows changes with the political situation, e.g. a militarisation in the product range before a war. This dissertation offers ideas on research about the media handling of children.
One Recovery – Two Regions: A radio documentary exploring the urban-rural divide in Ireland. Providing an insight into the lives of commuters
(Griffith College, 2018) Crosbie, Josh
One Recovery - Two Regions is a twenty-minute radio documentary that gives the audience an insight into the daily obstacles that those who live in rural Ireland face due to an unbalanced recovery. Documenting the stories from two commuters who work in different environments and locations but endure a similar routine. The audience is then brought on a journey to explore what initiatives are being done to minimise the urban-rural divide. It examines what programmes are working in conjunction with those experiencing this lifestyle and the government. Amongst all, it reveals that there are ways to develop rural life to sustain an attractive region for future generations. The research discovers that commuting has become a standard of acceptance, which has lasting knock-on effects to those commuting and the people around them. The experiences and knowledge shared throughout One Recovery – Two Regions gives a voice to those not often heard and can ignite a passion to change circumstances.
The Influence of Instagram on the Irish Fashion Industry.
(Griffith College, 2019) Doherty, Hayle
Fashion and social media play a major role in society. Fashion houses and designers have existed since the 19th century, with trends, patterns and models changing every day. The first social media platform was created in 1997, followed by the first blog in 1999. Since the beginning of 2000, the digital age began to expand. Platforms such as MySpace, Twitter, Snapchat, Facebook and Instagram are becoming an everyday norm in society. In the present day, both social media and the fashion industry are worldwide recognised platforms. Fashion and social media have now become intertwined, with social media shaping a huge impact on the fashion industry in terms of sales, marketing, P.R, blogging and retail. Throughout this study, the researcher will investigate the influence social media has on the fashion industry. As both are recognised platforms, the study will focus on the social media platform of Instagram created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Kreiger in 2010 and the Irish fashion industry in the present day. In order to identify the influence Instagram has on the fashion industry, the three themes of retail, blogging and P.R which shape the industry will be explored using the methods; interviews, a questionnaire and a content analysis of two Irish fashion magazines. Since the industry in Ireland is expanding every year with fashion bloggers, stylists, P.R’s and influencers, it was found throughout the study that social media plays a huge role in terms of sales growth, recognition, fame and wealth. Within this dissertation, the findings of the research on how Instagram is influencing the Irish fashion industry will be articulated.
The role of the Irish Times opinion pages in the formulation of public opinion and shaping the political agenda in Ireland: A case study of the 2018 8th Amendment Referendum in Ireland.
(Griffith College, 2019) Malone, Abigail
The research question proposed is an analysis on ‘The role of the Irish Times opinion pages in the formulation of public opinion and shaping the political agenda in Ireland: A case study of the 2018 8th Amendment Referendum in Ireland.’ The opinion pages of print media have the ability to change minds and influence the political agenda. In an era where fake news and biased reporting is prevalent, the need for diverse viewpoints to be represented in a balanced manner in the opinion columns of national newspapers across the world is more urgent than ever. Representation within the powerful opinion columns is needed to encourage healthy discourse and democratic conversations and prevent individuals and politicians from being immersed in an echo chamber of their own opinion. It is widely recognised that newspapers, editors and journalists have a professional obligation to maintain a balance and impartiality in their publication. This thesis demonstrates the ability that the opinion pages have to change the mind of the reader and be a powerful actor in setting the political agenda by influencing the elite members in society. The nature of opinion pages in the Irish Times, in relation to the 2018 8th Amendment referendum in Ireland, is analysed. The 8th Amendment recognised the equal right to life of the unborn child and mother and, with exception to limited circumstances, prevented abortion services being available in Ireland. The referendum in May 2018 sought to remove this amendment and legislate for abortion in Ireland. A mixed method research approach was utilised in this study which included qualitative and quantitative analyses on the persuasion of the selected opinion pages. The findings showed that the Irish Times opinion pages published in relation to abortion and the 8th Amendment in Ireland during the month of May 2018, before the referendum took place, were dominated by the pro-repeal, ‘Yes’, side of the abortion debate. Out of the forty-nine Irish Times opinion pages studied, twenty-eight of the opinion pages proposed a repeal of the 8th Amendment in Ireland while twelve opinion pages argued in favour of keeping the 8th Amendment. In addition to this, six opinion pieces were neutral on the topic while three opinion pieces were excluded from the content analysis data set as they were irrelevant to the debate. This research illustrates the need for a more varied discourse within national media outlets in Ireland regarding topical social and political issues. The research exemplified the need to challenge the biases prevalent in the opinion pages of national and widely read newspapers in Ireland and demand more representation of differing viewpoints within the national media.
History in Residence: a radio documentary about Dublin City Council's six historians in residence.
(Griffith, 2019) Byrne, Brian
This documentary is an examination of the work of Dublin City Council’s six historians in residence, the importance of public history, the history of Dublin and how we all relate or do not relate to it. History has long seemed the realm of the academic and the scholar, this 45 minute documentary will chart the efforts of Dublin City Council’s six historians in residence. As they attempt to take history down from it’s ivory tower of academia and make it a tangible thing to the public. Through the use of audio interviews, SFX and music, the documentary will explore the themes of public history and identity, what it means to be Irish and what it history means to us all. The narrative which emerges from these various themes, provides an insight into how important our history is to us, what we can learn from it, and what we are destined to repeat without it. In this programme I’ll be interviewing Dublin’s six historians in residence as I follow them through a normal workday. Moving from historian to historian, wending our way through Dublin’s districts, criss-crossing the Liffey, treading the steps of hidden history which permeate the brick and mortar of Baile Átha Cliath. With the historians as our guides, they will peel back the layers of the past, exposing the stories which lie just out of sight. Their mandate was to make history tangible for as many diverse groups as possible. On this journey we’ll hear from all the different people with whom the historians have interacted with over the past year; be they prisoner, pensioner or pupil.
A study to examine the role of social media within public relations.
(Griffith College, 2019) O'Neill, Elaine
Social media quickly became popular since its introduction over a decade ago. It was quickly adapted into society and has changed how we act and interact with others. Not only has it changed how we interact as individuals it has changed how businesses and consumers interact with each other. It has provided a new tool for public relations practitioners to communicate directly with their audiences. However, as social media is a relatively new tool for businesses it is important to examine how and why it is used within companies. This study set out to examine what the role of social media is within public relations by examining how companies used their social media accounts, what content they posted and examining the opinions and uses of social media among public relations professionals. The research questions addressed in this study are: 1. What is the role of social media within public relations? 2. Is the pattern of social media use consistent across these different businesses and participants? 3. Is third party media coverage and ‘word of mouth’ communication still important to companies and consumers? The study followed a mixed methods approach combining both qualitative and quantitative research. To collect this data an online analysis (content and engagement) of three companies social media accounts was conducted followed by two interviews with public relations and communications professionals and a further survey among seven other public relations and communications professionals. The results of this research indicated that social media is used within public relations for relationship building, two-way communication, reputation management, content control and word of mouth communication.
Power of the post: Instagram is the chosen social media platform for PR content of cosmetic companies.
(Griffith College, 2019) Burke, Diane
Social media has changed the PR landscape from exclusively focusing on traditional media to developing a two-way ongoing conversation between a company and their consumers. As we live a lot of our lives online, many brands have capitalised on this communication revolution we are currently experiencing. Through both visual and textual PR content posted on social media platforms, companies create brand awareness and communicate directly with their consumers. This study investigates why Instagram has been the most successful social media platform for PR content in the context of cosmetic companies from a consumer’s perspective with a self administered online questionnaire. A second source of research is in the form of interviews with two PR executives who are currently working in consumer PR agencies to gather relevant information from industry experts. The final source of research is a content analysis of Instagram posts from three Irish cosmetic companies. It was found that the features on Instagram are the reason why it has emerged as the most suitable social media application for PR purposes. Throughout the research, the impact that visual content posted from Irish cosmetic companies has on perceptions of female beauty is considered.

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