eprintid: 225
rev_number: 17
eprint_status: archive
userid: 64
dir: disk0/00/00/02/25
datestamp: 2019-07-10 11:50:00
lastmod: 2019-07-10 11:50:00
status_changed: 2019-07-10 11:50:00
type: thesis
metadata_visibility: show
creators_name: Roldao, Ana Paula
title: Media And Collective Fear: Has mass media contributed to create an atmosphere of collective fear addressing Islamic terrorism?
ispublished: pub
subjects: BL
subjects: BP
subjects: H1
subjects: HM
divisions: MAJ_PR
full_text_status: public
keywords: Xenophobia, Islamic Terrorism as a global threat and Stereotyping the Muslim
abstract: Mass media has played a central role in the construction of the Islamist terrorist 
stereotype into the audience imaginary. The lack of representation of Islamic 
communities in the press, and a partial and bias coverage about terrorist attacks not only 
increase intolerance and xenophobia but also is collaborated to build a perception of an 
unsafe society. 
The aim of this research is finding if the mass media has collaborated to the increasingly 
popular perception of Islamic Terrorism as a global threat, by stereotyping the Muslim 
community out and in the West.  
Principal finds shown that since the coverage of the 11th September 2001 terrorist 
attacks until the end of 2015, the association of the word ‘Islamic’ with the word 
‘terrorist’ has increased in the media channels. One of the reasons for this rise is the 
polarised narrative presented by the newspapers which mainly reproduced Western 
discourse 
Findings also displayed an unbalance in the portrayal of victims of terrorism. This 
portrayal tended to humanise the Western victims and dehumanise the Eastern ones, 
what might impact in the choice of the audience to support one side and ignore the other 
one.
date: 2018
date_type: published
institution: Griffith College Dublin
department: Journalism & Media Communications
thesis_type: masters
referencetext: Bibliography 


Abrahamian, E. (2003) The US media, Huntington and September 11. Third World Quarterly, 24 (3), pp 529–544 EBSCO [Online]. Available at: https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/Abrahamian_Clash.pdf (Accessed 24 July 2018). 

Barrat, D. (1986) – Media and Sociology. Bristol: Routledge. 

Barker, J. (2013) The Clash of Civilisations – twenty years on. Bristol: e-International Relations. 

Bauman, Z. (2001) Community: seeking safety in an insecure world. Cambridge: Politic Press. 

Bauman, Z. (2008) Liquid Fear. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar. 

Buzan, B. and Hansen, L. (2009) The Evolution of International Security Studies 1st Edition. 

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
Cambridge English Dictionary (2007) 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press. 

Carr, J. and Haynes, A. (2013) A clash of radicalizations: The policing of “race” and antiMuslim racism in Ireland, 41 (1), pp. 21-40 SAGE [Online]. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0896920513492805 (Accessed: 05 July 2018). 

Carr, J. `From Suspect to Suspecting: Muslim Communities in Ireland and The Irish Gaze` in Seyyed-Abdolhamid, M. and Hossein, R. (eds.) Instances of Islamophobia: Demonizing the Muslim "Other"`. Lexington Books: London, pp. 53-66. 

Carr, J.(2017) `Islamophobia, Anti-Muslim Racism and Conceptions of Irish Homogeneity` in Haynes, A., Schweppe, J. and Taylor, S. (eds.) Critical Perspectives on Hate Crime: Contributions from the Island of Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan: United Kingdom, pp. 253-274. 
  
Carr, J. (2015)  Media, Islamophobia and Ireland: Constructing different shades of green in Haynes, A., Power, M. J., Devereux, E., Dellane, A. and Carr, J. (eds.) Public and political discourses of migration. Rowman and Littlefield: London, pp. 29-41. 

Chomsky, N. (2001) 09-11. New York: Seven Stories Press. 

Chomsky, N. and Herman, E. (2002) Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Vintage International. 

Chomsky, N. (2013) Media Control: the spectacular achievements of propaganda. São Paulo: WMF Martins Fontes. 

Chomsky, N. (2003) Power and Terror. New York: Paradigm Publishers. 

Clarke, R. (2004) Against all the enemies. São Paulo: Francis. 

Curran, J. (1991). Mass Media and Democracy: A Reappraisal. In J. Curran and M. Gurevitch (eds.). Mass Media and Society. London: Edward Arnold. 

Cushion, S. (2012) The Democratic Value of News. Hampshire: Palgrave McMillan. 

Exoo, C. (2010) The Pen and the Sword: Press, War and Terror in the 21st Century. London: SAGE Publications. 

Fisk, R. (2007) The great war for civilisation: the conquest of the Middle East. São Paulo: Planeta do Brasil. Folha de Sao Paulo – Know the Folha group. Available at: https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/institucional/en/ (Accessed 03 June 2018). 

Foley, M. (2001) `Newspapers freeze the day the world stood still Television, radio and newspapers have been consumed by the attack on America`, The Irish Times - 17 September [Online]. Available at: https://www.irishtimes.com/topics/topics-7.1213540?article=true&tag_person=Michael+Foley (Accessed: 20 July 2018). 

Foucault, M. (2014) Religion and Culture. São Paulo: Record. 
  
Furedi, F. (2007) `The only thing we have to fear is the ‘culture of fear’ itself`, Research Gate [Online]. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256691800_Grupp_Stefanie_The_Political_Im_plications_of_A_Discourse_of_Fear_MA_Thesis_New_York_University_2002 (Accessed: 15 July 2018).  

Gallup (2015) Americans Name Terrorism as No. 1 U.S. Problem [Online]. Available at: https://news.gallup.com/poll/187655/americans-name-terrorism-no-problem.aspx (Accessed: 20 July 2018). 

Gallup (2017) Terrorism, Migration Trouble Many in Europe [Online]. Available at: https://news.gallup.com/poll/212405/terrorism-migration-trouble-europe.aspx (Accessed: 20 July 2018). 

Garnham, N. (1986). The Media and The Public Sphere publish in Communicating Politics: Mass Communications and the Political Process – The Media and The Public Sphere. Leicester: Leicester University Press. 

Glasnner, B. (2003) The culture of fear. São Paulo: Francis. 

Gomes, I. (2014) `Coverage of Islam – marginal and moral narratives`. Revista Brasileira de Ciências da Comunicação (Brazilian Science Communication Magazine). São Paulo: INTERCOM, 37(01), pp.71-89. 

Goolan, N. `Understanding Islam and Islamophobia Today` in Seyyed-Abdolhamid, M. and Hossein, R. (eds.) Instances of Islamophobia: Demonizing the Muslim "Other". Lexington Books: London, pp. 111-122. 

Grupp, S. (2002) `The Political Implications of A Discourse of Fear`,  Research Gate [Online]. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stefanie_Grupp_Clasby/publication/256691800_Grupp_Stefanie_The_Political_Implications_of_A_Discourse_of_Fear_MA_Thesis_New_York_University_2002/links/004635239c940a0faa000000/

Grupp-Stefanie-The-Political-Implications-of-A-Discourse-of-Fear-MA-Thesis-New-York University-2002.pdf?origin=publication_detail (Accessed: 15 July 2018). 
  
Guerin, P. (2002) `Racism and the media in Ireland: Setting the anti-immigration agenda` in Lenin, R. and McVeigh, R. (eds.) Racism and anti-racism in Ireland. Belfast: Beyond the Pale: Belfast, pp 47-72. 

Habermas, J. (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge: Polity. 

Hall, S. (1997) REPRESENTATION Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: SAGE Publications. 

Harriman, G. (2015) A Brief History of Anxiety & Fear. Available at: https://explorable.com/e/history-of-anxiety-and-fear (Accessed: 20 July 2018). 

Hsieh, H. and Shannon (2005), E. Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis, 15 (9) pp. 1277-1288 SAGE [Online]. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1049732305276687 (Accessed 15 July 2018). 

Kane, E. (2001) Doing Your Own Research, London: Marion Boyars. 

Karim, H. (2002) `Making sense of the “Islamic peril”: journalism as cultural practice` in Zelizer, B. and Allan, S. (eds.) Journalism after September 11. London: Routledge. 

Kishan, D. and Freedman, D. ( 2003) War and The Media. London: SAGE Publications. 

Murdock, G. and Golding, P. (2005). `Culture, Communications and Political Economy`. In Curran, J. and Gurevitch, M.(eds) Mass Media and Society – 4th edition. London: Hodden Books. 

Noelle-Neuman, E. and Mathes, R. (1987) The `Event as an Event` and the `Event as a News`: The significance of `Consonance` for Media Effects Research, 2 (4), pp. 391-414 SAGE [Online]. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0267323187002004002  (Accessed: 05 July 2018). 

Oxford English Dictionary (1998) 3rd edition. Oxford University Press. 
  
Pain, R. (2009) Globalized fear? Towards an emotional geopolitics. 33 (4), pp. 466-486 SAGE [Online]. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0309132508104994  (Accessed: 20 July 2018).  

Queiroz, A. (2015) `The Westernisation of information`. Revista Brasileira de Ciências da Comunicação (Brazilian Science Communication Magazine). Rio de Janeiro: INTERCOM, 39(01), pp.105-128. 

Said, E. (1997) Covering Islam. How to medians and the experts determine how we see in the rest of the world. London: Vintage Books. 

Said, E. (1995) Orientalism. London: Penguin Books. 

Taylor, A. (2011) `9/11: The Day of the Attacks`, The Atlantic, 08 September [Online]. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/09/911-the-day-of-the-attacks/100143/ (Accessed: 20 July 2018). 

The Irish Times – About The Irish Times. Available at: https://www.irishtimes.com/about-us/the-irish-times-trust#irishtimes (Accessed 03 June 2018). 

Wainberg, J. Pen, (2007) Ink and Islam: the idea of war and Islam. Porto Alegre: EdiPUCRS. 

Wainberg. J. (2005) Media and Terror: communication and political violence. São Paulo: Paulus. 

Wainberg, J. (2008) `Terrorism, Islamic fundamentalism and Brazilian`s social imaginary`. Revista Brasileira de Ciências da Comunicação (Brazilian Science Communication Magazine). São Paulo: INTERCOM, 31 (02), pp.165-185.   




..................................................................
citation:   Roldao, Ana Paula  (2018) Media And Collective Fear: Has mass media contributed to create an atmosphere of collective fear addressing Islamic terrorism?  Masters thesis, Griffith College Dublin.   
document_url: http://go.griffith.ie/225/1/MAJPR-Ana_Paula_Roldao%282018%29.pdf
document_url: http://go.griffith.ie/225/2/MAJPR-Ana_Paula_Roldao%282018%29Bibliography.txt