eprintid: 104
rev_number: 15
eprint_status: archive
userid: 30
dir: disk0/00/00/01/04
datestamp: 2017-03-20 16:37:33
lastmod: 2017-03-20 16:59:25
status_changed: 2017-03-20 16:37:33
type: thesis
metadata_visibility: show
creators_name: Doyle, Wendy
title: Time to Connect: An investigation into the relationship between time and student connectedness
ispublished: submitted
subjects: LB
subjects: LB2300
divisions: MATE
full_text_status: public
keywords: Student connectedness,Design students, Connectivisim, Connectedness and culture, Student progression
note: Centre for Promoting Academic Excellence
abstract: There are many themes effecting entry-level student progression. Connectedness is one such theme, suggesting the more socially integrated into College life the student is, the greater the likelihood of the student progressing. Despite many strategies and interventions designed to retain the entry-level student, non- progression remains high. Researchers suggest this is partly because these interventions stop short of the classroom.

This Action research is the start of a real time investigation into the relationship between
time constraints and student connectedness and seeks to gain a deeper understanding of how and why students connect to each other in a first year design studio classroom. The action took place during a design studio project while the students worked in groups; various
time constraints were applied as they worked together to bring a task to completion.

The aim of this action research project is to produce real knowledge that is practical and can be used by people in everyday contexts. 

The research found that students experienced connection to the task when operating in teams under a time constraint and that a time constraint may be a variable in students
connecting to each other but warrants further investigation.
A further iteration of the cycle, attempted to create a ‘safe emergency’ where students,
without tutoring had to bring a task to completion under a time constraint. During this ‘action’
the students perceived they connected to each other and the task.
date: 2016
date_type: submitted
institution: Griffith College
department: Faculty of Training and Education
thesis_type: masters
referencetext: Adams, J. (2012). Collaborations: The rise of research networks. Nature, 490(7420), pp. 335-336.

Adelman, C., 1993. Kurt Lewin and the origins of action research. Educational action research, 1(1), pp.7-24.

Argyris, C., 1993. Knowledge for action: A guide to overcoming barriers to organizational change. Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers, 350 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104.

Arnett, J.J., 2000. Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American psychologist, 55(5), p.469.

Baird, K., 2002. An Inquiry into Withdrawal from College, a study conducted At Trinity College Dublin by the Research Team, Student Counselling Service. Dublin, Trinity College.

Bandura, A., 1969. Social-learning theory of identificatory processes. Handbook of socialization theory and research, 213, p.262.

Barber, B.K. and Schluterman, J.M., 2008. Connectedness in the lives of children and adolescents: A call for greater conceptual clarity.Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(3), pp.209-216.

Bartunek, J.M. and Louis, M.R., 1996. Insider/outsider team research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Baumeister, R.F. and Leary, M.R., 1995. The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological bulletin, 117(3), p.497.

BBC News. (2016). Starlings: Mapping and modelling the ballet of the skies - BBC News. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29599792[Accessed 26 February 2016]

Bean, J.P., 2005. Nine themes of college student retention. College student retention: Formula for student success, pp.215-243.

Blaney, C. and Mulkeen, S. (2008) Student retention in a modular world. A Study of Retention UCD Entrants 1999-2007. Available at: http://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/student%20retention%20in%20a%20modular%20world.pdfAccessed: 09/03/2015)

Blakemore, S.J., 2012. Development of the social brain in adolescence. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 105(3), pp.111-116. Available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/sarah_jayne_blakemore_the_mysterious_workings_of_the _adolescent_brain?language=en (Accessed: 03/03/2016)

Bolliger, D.U. and Inan, F.A., 2012. Development and validation of the online student connectedness survey (OSCS). The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 13(3), pp.41-65.

Bourdieu, P., 1986. The forms of capital Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241-258).

Bourdieu, P. and Passeron, J.C., 1990. Reproduction in education, society and culture (Vol. 4). Sage.

Bowlby, J., 1969. Attachment (Attachment and loss series, Vol. 1). New York.

Bowles, S. and Gintis, H., 2002. Schooling in capitalist America revisited. Sociology of education, pp.1-18.

Braxton, J.M., Jones, W.A., Hirschy, A.S. and Hartley III, H.V., 2008. The role of active learning in college student persistence. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 2008(115), pp.71-83.

Brooker, L., 2008. Supporting transitions in the early years. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).

Brown, B., 2010. The gifts of imperfection: Let go of who you think you're supposed to be and embrace who you are. Hazelden Publishing.

Bruner, E.M., 1961. Urbanization and ethnic identity in North Sumatra. American Anthropologist, 63(3), pp.508-521.

Brydon-Miller, M., Greenwood, D. and Maguire, P., 2003. Why action research?. Action research, 1(1), pp.9-28.

Burr, V., 2015. Social constructionism. Routledge.

Cacioppo, J.T. and Patrick, W., 2008. Loneliness: Human nature and the need for social connection. WW Norton & Company. Cork institute of Technology Available at: http://www.cit.ie (Accessed 14/03/2015)

Coghlan, D. and Brannick, T., 2003. Kurt Lewin: The" Practical Theorist" for the 21st Century. Irish Journal of Management, 24(2), p.31.

Cohen, S. and Wills, T.A., 1985. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological bulletin, 98(2), p.310.

Cozolino, L. and Sprokay, S., 2006. Neuroscience and adult learning. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 2006(110), pp. 11-19.

Cozolino, L., 2014. The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology). WW Norton & Company.

Creswell, J.W., Plano Clark, V.L., Gutmann, M.L. and Hanson, W.E., 2003. Advanced mixed methods research designs. Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research, pp.209-240.

Creswell, J.W., 2013. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.

Dawson, S., 2008. A Study of the Relationship between Student Social Networks and Sense of Community. Educational Technology & Society,11(3), pp.224-238.

Day, C., 1999. Developing teachers: The challenges of lifelong learning. Psychology Press.

Deci, E.L., Vallerand, R.J., Pelletier, L.G. and Ryan, R.M., 1991. Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective. Educational psychologist, 26(3-4), pp.325-346.

Dick, B., 2002. Action research: action research. Available at: http://www.aral.com.au/[Accessed 8 December 2015]

Dublin institute of Technology Available at: http://www.dit.ie [Accessed 15 March 2015]

Duhigg, C. (2016). What Google Learned From Its Quest to Build the Perfect Team. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/magazine/what google-learned-from-its-quest-to-build-the-perfect-team.html [Accessed 2 March 2016]

Dweck, C., 2012. Mindset: How you can fulfil your potential. Hachette UK. Edmondson, A., 1999. Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative science quarterly, 44(2), pp.350-383.

European Commission, 2001 Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52001DC0678 (Accessed on: 07/03/2015)

Ferrance, E., 2000. Action research. LAB, Northeast and Island Regional Education Laboratory at Brown University.

Fleming, T. (June, 2011). ‘The struggle for recognition in Hegel, Honneth and Higher Education: What non-traditional students say?' Paper presented at C.A.V.E Conference on Building in the Contemporary University, Trinity College Dublin.

Flood, R.L., 2010. The relationship of ‘systems thinking' to action research. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 23(4), pp.269-284.

Fortune, A.E., Reid, W.J. and Miller, R.L., 2013.Qualitative research in social work. Columbia University Press.

Fredrickson, B.L., 2001. The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden and-build theory of positive emotions. American psychologist, 56(3), p.218.

Futurism. (2015). Precursor to Mind-Reading Technology, Researchers Reconstruct Sentences From Decoded Brain Activity. [online] Available at: http://futurism.com/precursor-to-mind-reading-technology-researchers-reconstruct sentences-from-decoded-brain-activity/ [Accessed 3 March 2016].

Giroux, H.A. and Penna, A.N., 1979. Social education in the classroom: The dynamics of the hidden curriculum. Theory & Research in Social Education, 7(1), pp.21-42.

Glaser, H. and Bingham, S., 2012. Students' perceptions of their connectedness in the community college basic public speaking course. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 9(2), pp.57-69.

Goodman, B., Soller, A., Linton, F. and Gaimari, R., 1997. Encouraging student reflection and articulation using a learning companion. InProceedings of the AI-ED 97 World Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (pp. 151-158).

Levin, M. and Martin, A.W., 2007. The praxis of educating action researchers The possibilities and obstacles in higher education. Action Research, 5(3), pp.219-229. Levin, M. and Greenwood, D., 2001. Pragmatic action research and the struggle to transform universities into learning communities. Handbook of action research, pp.103-113.

Guba, E.G. and Lincoln, Y.S., 1994. Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of qualitative research, 2(163-194).

Heidegger, M, 1996. Being and time: A translation of Sein und Zeit. SUNY Press.

Hammond, M. and Wellington, J.J., 2012.Research methods: The key concepts. Routledge.

Harris, J.R., 2011. The nurture assumption: Why children turn out the way they do. Simon and Schuster.

Higher Education Academy Available at: http://www.hea.ac.uk (Accessed: 15/03/2015)

Higher Education Authority Available at: http://www.hea.ie/ (Accessed: 15/03/2015)

Immablog.org. (2016). What we call love / IMMA BLOG. [online] Available at: http://immablog.org/tag/what-we-call-love/ [Accessed 1 March 2016]

Mooney, O., Patterson, V., O'Connor, M. and Chantler, A., 2010. A study of progression in Irish higher education. Available at: http://www.hea.ie/sites/default/files/study_of_progression_in_irish_higher_education_2010.pdf (Accessed: 04/03/2015)

Hendel, R., Oughton, K., Pickthorn, T., Schilling, M. and Versiglia, G., 2011. The Neuroscience of Learning: A New Paradigm for Corporate Education.

Hendrickson, B., Rosen, D. and Aune, R.K., 2011. An analysis of friendship networks, social connectedness, homesickness, and satisfaction levels of international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(3), pp.281-295.

Joiner, T., 2007. Why people die by suicide. Harvard University Press.

Jordan, S. and Kapoor, D., 2015. Re-politicizing participatory action research: unmasking neoliberalism and the illusions of participation. Educational Action research, pp.1-16.

Kahne, J., King, S.H. and Westheimer, J., 1996. Visions of community and education in a diverse society. Harvard Educational Review, 66(4), p.843. Available at http://hepg.org/her-home/issues/harvard-educational-review-volume-66-issue 4/herarticle/_251 (Accessed on: 24/03/2016) Kenny, M.E. and Donaldson, G.A., 1991. Contributions of parental attachment and family structure to the social and psychological functioning of first-year college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(4), p.479.

Kitayama, S. and Cohen, D. eds., 2010. Handbook of cultural psychology. Guilford Press.

Kok, B.E., Coffey, K.A., Cohn, M.A., Catalino, L.I., Vacharkulksemsuk, T., Algoe, S.B., Brantley, M. and Fredrickson, B.L., 2013. How positive emotions build physical health perceived positive social connections account for the upward spiral between positive emotions and vagal tone.Psychological science, 24(7), pp.1123-1132.

Konig, R., 1968. Community.

Kuh, G.D., Kinzie, J., Buckley, J.A., Bridges, B.K. and Hayek, J.C., 2006, July. What matters to student success: A review of the literature. InCommissioned report for the national symposium on postsecondary student success: Spearheading a dialog on student success.

Landow, G.P., 2009. The industrial Revolution: A Timeline. Victorian web, 23.http://www.victorianweb.org/technology/ir/irchron.html (Accessed: 02/03/2016)

Lewin, K., 1946. Action research and minority problems. Journal of social issues, 2(4), pp.34-46.

Libbey, H.P., 2004. Measuring student relationships to school: Attachment, bonding, connectedness, and engagement. The Journal of school health, 74(7), p.274.

Linehan, M. (2008). Work Based Learning-Graduating Through The Workplace.

Jon Lieff, M.D. (2012). Rapidly Changing Neuron, Axons, Dendrites, Synapses / Jon Lieff, M.D [online] Available at: http://jonlieffmd.com/blog/neural-plasticity-blog/the-busy neuron [Accessed 3 march 2016]

Lizzio, A., 2006. Designing an orientation and transition strategy for commencing students. A conceptual summary of research and practice. First Year Experience Project. Brisbane, Australia: Griffith University.

Maslow, A.H., 1943. A theory of human motivation. Psychological review, 50(4), p.370.

McMillan, D.W. and Chavis, D.M., 1986. Sense of community: A definition and theory. Journal of community psychology, 14(1), pp.6-23. Mettetal, G., 2012. The what, why and how of classroom action research. Journal of the Scholarship of teaching and Learning, 2(1), pp.6-13.

MCNEELY, C., Whitlock, J. and Libbey, H., 2009. School connectedness and adolescent well being.Handbook on School-Family Partnerships, pp.266-86.

McNeely, C.A., Nonnemaker, J.M. and Blum, R.W., 2002. Promoting school connectedness: Evidence from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health. Journal of school health, 72(4), pp.138-146.

McNiff, J., 2014. Writing and Doing Action Research. SAGE.

McTaggart, R. and Kemmis, S. eds., 1988. The action research planner. Deakin university.

My Modern Met. (2012). Measuring the universe. [online] Available at: http://www.mymodernmet.com/profiles/blogs/roman-ondak-measuring-the-universe[Accessed 5 may 2016] [Accessed 12 March 2016]

National Forum Focused Research report (No.6) 2015. Transition from Second Level and Further Education to Higher Education. Available at: http://www.teachingandlearning.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Research-Report-6Transitions-from-Second-Level-FE-to-Higher-Education.pdf [Accessed 12 March 2016]

National Forum Focused Research report (No.4) 2015. Why Students Leave: Findings from Qualitative Research into Student Non-Completion in Higher Education in Ireland. Available at: http://www.teachingandlearning.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Project4.pdf [Accessed 12 March 2016]

Nisbet, R.A., Perrin, R.G. and Page, C.H., 1977. The social bond. Alfred A. Knopf.

Nonaka, I. and Konno, N., 1998. The concept of" ba": Building a foundation for knowledge creation. California management review, 40(3), pp.40-54.

Nytimes.com. (2016). Google Redirect China Users to Uncensor Site - NYTimes.com. [online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/23/technology/23google.html?_r=0 [Accessed 5 May 2016]

Oblinger, D.G., 2006. Space as a change agent. Learning spaces, 1. O'Brien, R., 1998. An overview of the methodological approach of action research. Faculty of Information Studies, University of Toronto.

O'Donnell, O. and Boyle, R., 2003. Understanding and managing organisational culture.

OECD (2014), “How many young people graduate from tertiary education?” in Education at a Glance 2014: Highlights, OECD Publishing. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag_highlights-2014-10-en (Accessed: 14/03/2015)

OECD 1996 The Knowledge Based Economy Available at: https://www.oecd.org/sti/sci tech/1913021.pdf (Accessed: 15/03/2015)

O'Rawe, M., 2015. Curriculum, Classroom, Culture and Connectedness.

Park, G. and Thayer, J.F., 2014. From the heart to the mind: cardiac vagal tone modulates top-down and bottom-up visual perception and attention to emotional stimuli. Front. Psychol, 5(278), pp.10-3389.

Pearce, D.J. and Turner, M.S., 2014. Density regulation in strictly metric-free swarms. New Journal of Physics, 16(8), p.082002. Viewed 28 March 2016 http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29599792

Peirce, C.S., 1878. How to make our ideas clear.

Popplewell, R. and Hayman, R., 2012. Where, how and why are action research approaches used by international development non-governmental organisations. Briefing Paper, 32.

Porges, S.W., Doussard‐ Roosevelt, J.A. and Maiti, A.K., 1994. Vagal tone and the physiological regulation of emotion. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2‐ 3), pp.167-186.

Reason, P. and Bradbury, H. eds., 2001.Handbook of action research: Participative inquiry and practice. Sage.

Redmond, B., Quin, S., Devitt, C. and Archbold, J. (2011) A qualitative investigation into the reasons why students exit from the first year of their programme and UCD.

Rettie, R., 2003. Connectedness, awareness and social presence.

Roberts, J. and Styron, R., 2010. Student satisfaction and persistence: Factors vital to student retention. Research in Higher Education Journal, 6(3), pp.1-18. Rohlin, M., Petersson, K., & Svensäter, G. (1998). The Malmö model: a problem‐ based

Rovai, A.P., 2002. Building sense of community at a distance. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 3(1).

Rovai, A.P., 2002. Development of an instrument to measure classroom community. The Internet and Higher Education, 5(3), pp.197-211.

Sarason, S.B., 1974. The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology. Jossey-Bass.

Sarason, I.G., Sarason, B.R., Shearin, E.N. and Pierce, G.R., 1987. A brief measure of social support: Practical and theoretical implications.Journal of social and personal relationships, 4(4), pp.497-510.

Schön, D.A., 1983. The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action (Vol. 5126). Basic books.

Schön, D.A., 1987. Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new design for teaching and learning in the professions. San Francisco.

Schön, D.A., 1995. Knowing-in-action: The new scholarship requires a new epistemology. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 27(6), pp.27-34.

Sergiovanni, T.J., 1999. Refocusing Leadership to Build Community. High School Magazine, 7(1), pp.10-15.

Siemens, G., 2005. Connectivism: Learning as network-creation. ASTD Learning News, 10(1).

Slideshare.net. (2010). Action Research Dissertation presentation. [online] Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/dkrell1530/action-research-dissertation-presentation[Accessed 15 November 2015]

Stenhouse, L., 1979. Research as a basis for teaching: Inaugural lecture, University of East Anglia, February 1979. L. Stenhouse (1983) Authority, Education and Emancipation. London: Heinemann Books.

Stringer, E.T., 2013. Action research. Sage Publications.

Styron Jr, R., 2010. Student satisfaction and persistence: Factors vital to student retention. Research in Higher Education Journal, 6, p.1. Sullivan, A., 2002. Bourdieu and education: how useful is Bourdieu's theory for researchers?. Netherlands Journal of Social Sciences, 38(2), pp.144-166.

Terebess.hu. (2016) Nakahara Nantenbo (1839-1925) Toju Zenchu. [online] Available at: http://terebess.hu/zen/mesterek/Nantembo.html enso [Accessed 7 march 2016]

Tinto, V. (1975). Dropout from Higher Education: A Theoretical Synthesis of Recent Research. Review of Educational Research, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Winter, 1975), pp. 89 125Published by: American Educational Research Association. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1170024 (Accessed: 15/03/2015)

Tinto, V., 1993. Building Community. Liberal Education, 79(4), pp.16-21.

Tinto, V. (2004). Student Retention and Graduation. Facing the Truth, living with the consequences.

Tinto, V., 2012. Enhancing student success: Taking the classroom success seriously. The International Journal of the First Year in Higher Education, 3(1), p.1.

Triandis, H.C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M.J., Asai, M. and Lucca, N., 1988. Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 54(2), p.323.

Townsend, K.C. and McWhirter, B.T., 2005. Connectedness: A review of the literature with implications for counseling, assessment, and research. Journal of Counseling and Development: JCD, 83(2), p.191.

Vygotsky, L.S., 1934. Myshlenie i rech. Psikhologicheskie issledovanija.

Whitlock, J., Wyman, P.A. and Barreira, P., 2010. Connectedness and suicide prevention in college settings: Directions and implications for practice. Unpublished manuscript, Cornell University.

Whitlock, J., Wyman, P.A. and Moore, S.R., 2014. Connectedness and suicide prevention in adolescents: Pathways and implications. Suicide and life-threatening behavior, 44(3), pp.246-272.

Whittaker, S.S., 2008. Investigation of social connectedness in a college population and its relationship to perceived stress and health symptoms.

World Health Organisation. (2016). Adolescent health. [online] Available at: http://www.who.int/topics/adolescent_health/en/ [Accessed 4 May 2016] http://www.mindmatters.edu.au/docs/default-source/learning-module-documents/mm module1-4_simplesteps_v2F7F5E2C234ED.pdf?sfvrsn=0

Von Krogh, G., Ichijo, K. and Nonaka, I., 2000.Enabling knowledge creation: How to unlock the mystery of tacit knowledge and release the power of innovation. Oxford university press.

Yorke, M. and Longden, B. (2004) Retention and student success in higher education. Maidenhead: Society for Research into Higher Education and Open University Press.

Yorke, M. (2004). Retention, persistence and success in on-campus higher education, and their enhancement in open and distance learning. Open Learning, 19(1), 19-32.

Yorke, M. and Longdon, B. (2008). The first-year experience of higher education in the UK. York: The Higher Education Academy. Available at: http://jisctechdis.ac.uk/assets/documents/archive/FYEFinalReport.pdf [Accessed: 16 March 2015]

Youcubed at Stanford University. (2016). Mistakes Grow Your Brain. [online] Available at: https://www.youcubed.org/think-it-up/mistakes-grow-brain/ [Accessed 1 February 2016] APPENDICES
citation:   Doyle, Wendy  (2016) Time to Connect: An investigation into the relationship between time and student connectedness.  Masters thesis, Griffith College.   
document_url: http://go.griffith.ie/104/1/MATE_2016_Wendy_Doyle.pdf