.................................................................................................................... 56 7.1 Appendix A ..................................................................................................................... A 7.2 Appendix B ..................................................................................................................... C vii List of figures Abdul Majid, M. A. et al. (2017) ‘Piloting for Interviews in Qualitative Research: Operationalization and Lessons Learnt', International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7, pp. 1073-1080. doi: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i4/2916. Abdul Rehman, A. and Alharthi, K. (2016) ‘An introduction to research paradigms', 3. Accenture (2016) ‘Digital Transformation of Industries', p. 16. Adom, D., Hussein, E. and Joe, A.--A. (2018) ‘THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: MANDATORY INGREDIENTS OF A QUALITY RESEARCH', International Journal of Scientific Research, 7, pp. 438-441. ATKearney (2015) Read @ATKearney: Digital Supply Chains: Increasingly Critical for Competitive Edge. Available at: http://www.atkearney.com/operations-performance transformation/article?/a/digital-supply-chains-increasingly-critical-for-competitive-edge (Accessed: 25 February 2019). Awad, H. and Nassar, M. (2010) ‘Supply Chain Integration: Definition and Challenges', Lecture Notes in Engineering and Computer Science, 2180. Baldauf, M. et al. (2018) ‘E-NAVIGATION, DIGITALIZATION AND UNMANNED SHIPS: CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE MARITIME EDUCATION AND TRAINING', in. 12th International Technology, Education and Development Conference, Valencia, Spain, pp. 9525-9530. doi: 10.21125/inted.2018.2374. Bhardwaj, S. (2013) ‘Challenges and potential of technology integration in modern ship management practices', p. 315. Bloomberg, J. (2018) Digitization, Digitalization, And Digital Transformation: Confuse Them At Your Peril, Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonbloomberg/2018/04/29/digitization-digitalization-and digital-transformation-confuse-them-at-your-peril/ (Accessed: 2 May 2019). Bouza, A. (2019) What is Digital Transformation, Digitalization, and Digitization, Medium. Available at: https://medium.com/api-product-management/what-is-digital-transformation digitalization-and-digitization-c76277ffbdd6 (Accessed: 25 August 2019). Chandak, S., Chandak, A. and Sharma, A. (2014) ‘Globalisation of Supply Chain Management for an Automotive Industry-future Perspective', p. 10. CMP (2015) Port of the Month: CMP - Copenhagen Malmö Port (Denmark/Sweden). Available at: https://www.espo.be/news/port-of-the-month-cmp-copenhagen-malmo-port-denmar (Accessed: 26 August 2019). Coles, F. (2017) The True Implications of the Technology Revolution, The Maritime Executive. Available at: https://www.maritime-executive.com/blog/the-true-implications-of-the technology-revolution (Accessed: 22 August 2019). Del castillio, M. (2018) IBM-Maersk Blockchain Platform Adds 92 Clients As Part Of Global Launch. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeldelcastillo/2018/08/09/ibm-maersk blockchain-platform-adds-92-clients-as-part-of-global-launch-1/#ac2aec968a4a (Accessed: 5 May 2019). DNV GL (2018) Digitalization in the maritime industry, DNV GL. Available at: https://www.dnvgl.com/maritime/insights/topics/digitalization-in-the-maritime industry/index.html (Accessed: 19 August 2019). DP world, A. (2017) Port of Antwerp launches big data platform NxtPort | DP World Antwerp. Available at: http://www.dpworldantwerp.com/media/newsletters/port-of-antwerp-launches big-data-platform-nxtport (Accessed: 24 February 2019). Dullaert, W. et al. (2007) ‘Supply chain (re)design: support for managerial and policy decisions?', in. Egloff, C. and Sanders (2018) The Digital Imperative in Container Shipping, https://www.bcg.com. Available at: https://www.bcg.com/publications/2018/digital-imperative-container shipping.aspx (Accessed: 18 February 2019). Feibert, D. C., Hansen, M. S. and Jacobsen, P. (2017) ‘An integrated process and digitalization perspective on the shipping supply chain — A literature review', in 2017 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). 2017 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), Singapore: IEEE, pp. 1352-1356. doi: 10.1109/IEEM.2017.8290113. Fink, A. (2008) Practicing Research: Discovering Evidence That Matters. SAGE. Fruth, M. and Teuteberg, F. (2017) ‘Digitization in maritime logistics—What is there and what is missing?', Cogent Business & Management. Edited by S. Liu, 4(1), p. 1411066. doi: 10.1080/23311975.2017.1411066. Gandhi, R. (2019) The Benefits of Containerization and What It Means for You, IBM Cloud Blog. Available at: https://www.ibm.com/blogs/bluemix/2019/02/the-benefits-of-containerization and-what-it-means-for-you/ (Accessed: 5 May 2019). Goksu, M. (2017) The History of Shipping Before Containers, More Than Shipping. Available at: https://www.morethanshipping.com/history-shipping-containers/ (Accessed: 3 May 2019). Gupta, S. (2018) ‘TRITA-ITM-EX 2018 : 359 Organizational Barriers to Digital Transformation', in. Henderson, J. (2018) Port of Rotterdam embarks on digital transformation programme with IBM | Technology | Supply Chain Digital. Available at: https://www.supplychaindigital.com/technology/port-rotterdam-embarks-digital transformation-programme-ibm (Accessed: 1 August 2019). Henriette, E., Feki, M. and Boughzala, I. (2015) ‘The Shape of Digital Transformation: A Systematic Literature Review', in MCIS. IBM & MAERSK (2018) Overview - TradeLens Documentation. Available at: https://docs.tradelens.com/learn/tradelens_overview/ (Accessed: 31 July 2019). ICS (2017) ICS | The Regulation of International Shipping. Available at: http://www.ics shipping.org/shipping-facts/safety-and-regulation/the-regulation-of-international-shipping (Accessed: 5 May 2019). ICS, L. (2019) ICS | Shipping and World Trade. Available at: http://www.ics-shipping.org/shipping facts/shipping-and-world-trade (Accessed: 22 August 2019). International, P. S. A. (2018) ‘Blockchain in The Multimodal Transport System', PSA International, 3 May. Available at: https://www.globalpsa.com/blockchain-in-the-multimodal-transport system/ (Accessed: 2 August 2019). Jang, D. et al. (2002) ‘Applying digital manufacturing technology to ship production and the maritime environment', Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 13(5), pp. 295-305. doi: 10.1108/09576060210429748. Kenton, W. (2019) How Supply Chains Work, Investopedia. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/supplychain.asp (Accessed: 1 August 2019). KInthaert, L. (2017) Digital Transformation: How Will it Change the Seafarer's Role? Available at: https://knect365.com/shipping/article/842b789d-aa16-411f-95c9-6393715daf35/digital transformation-how-will-it-change-the-seafarers-role (Accessed: 25 February 2019). Klomperee, J. (2000) ‘Improvement of port operation, service efficiency and competitiveness, in order to meet the logistical needs of clients : a case study of Bangkok port container terminals', p. 119. Kongsberg (2017) YARA and KONGSBERG enter into partnership to build world's first autonomous and zero emissions ship - Kongsberg Maritime. Available at: https://www.kongsberg.com/maritime/about-us/news-and-media/news-archive/2017/yara and-kongsberg-enter-into-partnership-to-build-worlds-first-autonomous-and/ (Accessed: 25 August 2019). Kvamstad-Lervold, B. (2017) ‘9 PATHS INTO THE MARITIME FUTURE', p. 24. Lacey, M. and Lisachuk, H. (2015) The Internet of Things in the shipping industry | Deloitte Insights. Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/insights/us/en/focus/internet-of-things/iot in-shipping-industry.html (Accessed: 9 August 2019). Lambrou, M. (2017) (PDF) Shipping 4.0: Technology Stack and Digital Innovation Challenges, ResearchGate. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320102036_Shipping_40_Technology_Stack_and_ Digital_Innovation_Challenges (Accessed: 25 February 2019). Lavrakas, P. (2008) Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States of America: Sage Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781412963947. Lee, P. T.-W., Kwon, O. K. and Ruan, X. (2019) ‘Sustainability Challenges in Maritime Transport and Logistics Industry and Its Way Ahead', Sustainability, 11(5), p. 1331. doi: 10.3390/su11051331. Leonard, M. (2019) CMA CGM adds 50K container trackers to its fleet, Supply Chain Dive. Available at: https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/cma-cgm-adds-50k-container-trackers traxens-IoT/555530/ (Accessed: 26 August 2019). Levins, C. (2018) 9 Ways Blockchain Will Affect the Shipping Industry. Available at: http://www.airseacontainers.com/blog/9-ways-blockchain-will-affect-the-shipping-industry/(Accessed: 5 May 2019). Littlefield, M. (2015) Heppelmann and Porter Strike Again: Analyzing the IoT Implications. Available at: https://blog.lnsresearch.com/heppelmann-and-porter-strike-again-analyzing-the iot-implications (Accessed: 3 August 2019). Madden, D. (2017) How Technology Is Changing the World of Shipping Consumer Goods, Wonolo. Available at: https://www.wonolo.com/blog/technology-changing-world-shipping-consumer goods/ (Accessed: 21 August 2019). Marine, I. (2019) 10 Largest Container Shipping Companies in the World. Available at: https://www.marineinsight.com/know-more/10-largest-container-shipping-companies-in-the world/ (Accessed: 22 August 2019). Marr, B. (2018) What is Industry 4.0? Here's A Super Easy Explanation For Anyone, Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/09/02/what-is-industry-4-0 heres-a-super-easy-explanation-for-anyone/ (Accessed: 3 August 2019). McKevitt, J. (2016) How digitization may help the shipping industry recover, Supply Chain Dive. Available at: https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/shipping-digitization-rates-technology overcapacity/432878/ (Accessed: 1 May 2019). Medmaritimeprojects (no date) ‘D.2.1.2.B_Mapping Successful Maritime Clusters'. Project Corinthos. Available at: http://www.medmaritimeprojects.eu/download/ProjectCorinthos/D.2.1.2.B_Mapping%20Successful%20Maritime%20Clusters.pdf. Meijer, M. (2017) ‘Riding the wave of digital disruption', Inmarsat, 22 March. Available at: https://www.inmarsat.com/riding-wave-digital-disruption/ (Accessed: 22 August 2019). Miles, M. B. et al. (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. SAGE. Min, S., Zacharia, Z. G. and Smith, C. D. (2019) ‘Defining Supply Chain Management: In the Past, Present, and Future', Journal of Business Logistics, 40(1), pp. 44-55. doi: 10.1111/jbl.12201. Moon, S. (2017) Keeping up with the pace of digitization: The case of the Australian construction industry - ScienceDirect. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160791X16301580 (Accessed: 5 May 2019). morley, Huge. R. (2018) Ready or not, digitalization on the way for shipping, IHS Markit. Available at: https://ihsmarkit.com/research-analysis/Ready-or-not-digitalization-on-the-way-for shipping.html (Accessed: 18 February 2019). Nkuna, N. (2017) ‘Understanding the motives for digital transformation in the container shipping sector', World Maritime University The Maritime Commons: Digital Repository of the World Maritime University, p. 78. OECD (2017) ‘THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF FREIGHT'. Olesen, P. B. et al. (2014) ‘Framework for Information Sharing in a Small-to-Medium Port System Supply Chain', in Bayro-Corrochano, E. and Hancock, E. (eds) Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 257-264. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-44739-0_32. Ortiz-Ospina, E., Beltekian, D. and Roser, M. (2018) ‘Trade and Globalization', Our World in Data. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/trade-and-globalization (Accessed: 22 July 2019). Panayides, P. (2006) ‘Maritime Logistics and Global Supply Chains: Towards a Research Agenda', Maritime Economics and Logistics, 8, pp. 3-18. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100147. Parviainen, P. and Tihinen, M. (2017) ‘Tackling the digitalization challenge: how to benefit from digitalization in practice', IJISPM - International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management, (5(1)), pp. 63-77. doi: 10.12821/ijispm050104. Patrick, K. (2018) ‘World's smartest port': How IBM plans to digitize Port of Rotterdam, Supply Chain Dive. Available at: https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/ibm-digitize-port-of rotterdam/516006/ (Accessed: 1 August 2019). Pillsbury, S. (2019) Manufacturers are the leading adopters of 4IR — Quartz. Available at: https://qz.com/1646096/manufacturers-adopt-4ir/ (Accessed: 25 August 2019). Port of Rotterdam (2018) Digital infrastructure, Port of Rotterdam. Available at: https://www.portofrotterdam.com/en/doing-business/port-of-the-future/digitisation/digital infrastructure (Accessed: 1 August 2019). Porter, M. E. and Heppelmann, J. E. (2014) ‘How Smart, Connected Products Are Transforming Competition', Harvard Business Review, 1 November. Available at: https://hbr.org/2014/11/how-smart-connected-products-are-transforming-competition (Accessed: 3 May 2019). Raimond, V. K. (2015) ‘Top 4 Challenges You Need to Master for International Shipping', Talking Logistics with Adrian Gonzalez, 10 September. Available at: https://talkinglogistics.com/2015/09/10/top-4-challenges-you-need-to-master-for international-shipping/ (Accessed: 26 August 2019). Rødseth, Ø., Perera, L. and Mo, B. (2016) ‘Big data in shipping ‐ Challenges and opportunities', in. Sanjari, M. et al. (2014) ‘Ethical challenges of researchers in qualitative studies: the necessity to develop a specific guideline', Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 7. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4263394/ (Accessed: 4 May 2019). Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornbill, A. (2000) Research Methods for Business Studies. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2009) Research Methods for Business Students. Prentice Hall (Always learning). Available at: https://books.google.ie/books?id=u-txtfaCFiEC. Saxon, S. and Stone, M. (2017) How container shipping could reinvent itself for the digital age | McKinsey. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/travel-transport-and logistics/our-insights/how-container-shipping-could-reinvent-itself-for-the-digital-age (Accessed: 26 August 2019). Scott, T. (2018) TradeLens: How IBM and Maersk Are Sharing Blockchain to Build a Global Trade Platform, THINK Blog. Available at: https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2018/11/tradelens how-ibm-and-maersk-are-sharing-blockchain-to-build-a-global-trade-platform/ (Accessed: 2 August 2019). Seman, A. J. (2005) ‘Next Generation Navy Ship Automation Systems Engineering From Sensors to Systems', in 2005 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. 2005 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, pp. 1218-1222. doi: 10.1109/ICSMC.2005.1571312. Shin, S. (2018) Technical Trends Related to Intermodal Automated Freight Transport Systems (AFTS) * - ScienceDirect. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2092521218300312 (Accessed: 25 February 2019). ShipTechnology (2018) ‘Is shipping still unprepared for cyberattacks?', Ship Technology, 24 September. Available at: https://www.ship-technology.com/features/shipping-still unprepared-cyberattacks/ (Accessed: 26 August 2019). Sun, D., Zhang, X. and Yu, M. (2006) ‘Applications of Workflow in Supply Chain Management: A Case Study', in 2006 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics. 2006 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics, pp. 540-544. doi: 10.1109/SOLI.2006.328944. Tas, Z. (2018) Big Data in the Shipping Industry, More Than Shipping. Available at: https://www.morethanshipping.com/big-data-in-the-shipping-industry/ (Accessed: 26 August 2019). Temple, G. (2018) ‘3D printing & the marine industry', SAFETY4SEA, 25 September. Available at: https://safety4sea.com/3d-printing-the-marine-industry/ (Accessed: 26 August 2019). Thetius (2018) ‘Brief guide to artificial intelligence in shipping - Thetius'. Available at: https://thetius.com/brief-guide-to-artificial-intelligence-in-shipping/ (Accessed: 25 August 2019). Tien, J. M. (2015) ‘Internet of connected ServGoods: Considerations, consequences and concerns', Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, 24(2), pp. 130-167. doi: 10.1007/s11518-015-5273-1. Tihinen, M. and Teppola, S. (2017) ‘Tackling the digitalization challenge: how to benefit from digitalization in practice'. doi: 10.12821/ijispm050104. Tradelens (2019) TradeLens | Digitizing the global supply chain and transforming trade. Available at: https://www.tradelens.com/ (Accessed: 3 May 2019). TransportGeography (2018) ‘Digital Intermodalism: Blockchains and Intermodal Transportation', The Geography of Transport Systems, 15 January. Available at: https://transportgeography.org/?page_id=8517 (Accessed: 2 August 2019). UNCTAD (2018) Digitalization set to revolutionize shipping - new United Nations report. Available at: https://unctad.org/en/pages/PressRelease.aspx?OriginalVersionID=472 (Accessed: 25 February 2019). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2017) Review of maritime transport 2017. Walsh, I. et al. (2015) ‘What Grounded Theory Is…A Critically Reflective Conversation Among Scholars', Organizational Research Methods, 18(4), pp. 581-599. doi: 10.1177/1094428114565028. Wingrove, M. (2018) 10 technologies to shake up maritime in 2018. Available at: https://www.marinemec.com/news/view,ten-technologies-to-shake-up-maritime-in 2018_50317.htm (Accessed: 24 February 2019). Woo, S.-H., Pettit, S. and K C Beresford, A. (2011) ‘Port evolution and performance in changing logistics environments', Maritime Economics and Logistics, 13, pp. 250-277. doi: 10.1057/mel.2011.12. 63 7.1 Appendix A